疫情之下，疫苗还要等多久？
<div class="wx_rich_media_content" id="jsWxContainer"><p style='text-align: center;'></p><p style='text-align: center;'><br></p><p><span style='font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px;'>中国的疫情“拐点尚未到来”，全球疫情则升级不断。面对人类从未遇见的新冠肺炎，战“疫”同时，疫苗研发进程亦备受瞩目。</span></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); box-sizing: border-box !important;'>疫苗研发要关注什么？</span></strong></span><span style='max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); box-sizing: border-box !important;'>防范什么？</span></strong></span></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>对于疫苗而言，学界有一种普遍说法：用热或者化学物质处理细菌、病毒可以生产出灭活疫苗；把细菌、病毒的毒力减弱可以开发成减毒活疫苗。确定疫苗的有效组分后，还要建立生产工艺和质量控制，完成一系列实验获得足够数据以申请开始临床实验，要在动物模型上先评价其有效性和安全性，之后还要在人体上做一、二、三期临床试验，上市审批、生产检验，往往耗时数年之久。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>特别是针对一个新型病毒研发的疫苗，难度有多高，至今学界鲜有一个精准答案。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>在清华大学药学院院长丁胜看来，疫苗开发从生物学机制上来讲，和一些药物开发不太一样。<strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>实际问题很复杂，也不容乐观。</strong>举一简单例子，艾滋病疫苗做了几十年，到现在都没成功。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>“当时SARS的疫苗，后来的临床实验也是有限的(由于没有新的疫情，有效性很难做)。一些其它的病毒大家也尝试过做疫苗，用同样的方法、同样的概念去做，但并不是每一种都可以成功。”丁胜受访时说。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>有专家提醒，疫苗研发过程中，除了要注重成功率，更要注重安全性。</strong>比如，人类历史上就曾出现过，在疫苗实验中发现在某些情况下不但没有对人群进行保护，反而加重感染，因此有些疫苗在开发阶段就被叫停。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>“如果是防御性疫苗，它给健康人群注射对安全性的要求会更高。”丁胜强调。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>美国马里兰大学终身教授朱小平此前接受媒体采访时同样指出，<strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>不是所有的疫苗都有效，或者安全。</strong>有的疫苗研发出来后可能还帮倒忙，起反作用。“所以现在网上报道各个公司有五花八门的疫苗，当然，可能为了尽快商业化，有时把自己的疫苗说得太好，或者夸大作用，这里面有一个道德的问题。”</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); box-sizing: border-box !important;'>疫苗还要等多久？</span></strong></span></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>对于新冠肺炎疫苗何时可以研制出，<strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>有专家预测，少则几月，多则一年。</strong></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>美国哥伦比亚大学公共卫生学院感染与免疫中心主任利普金表示，传统上对于疫苗的研发，不以“月”计，而是论“年”。问题是我们能不能缩短这个时间？我认为我们可以，但这取决于许多因素。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>复旦大学附属华山医院感染科主任张文宏同样持一种保守态度。他认为，作为一个冠状病毒，SARS结束后我们也没有看到有效的疫苗或者药物，现在仍在中东病区流行的MERS也是一个冠状病毒，药物和疫苗这么多年仍没做出来。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>“所以做药物和疫苗还是比较困难的一件事。</strong><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>哪怕今天进展非常顺利，真要拿到第一个疫苗，我估计要年底了。</strong><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>”</strong>张文宏预测。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>事实上，自从中国科学家第一时间公布新型冠状病毒基因组序列后，有关新冠疫苗的研究就陆续在各地开展起来。记者注意到，目前中国正在同步开展的5种疫苗的主要研发技术路线，包括灭活疫苗、基因工程重组亚单位疫苗、腺病毒载体疫苗、减毒流感病毒载体疫苗和核酸疫苗等。</p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>有专家称，中国在灭活疫苗研制能力方面有雄厚基础。<strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>目前看来，灭活疫苗最快有望在4月份开始临床试验。</strong></p><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br></p><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; line-height: 1.75em; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 1px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; color: rgb(0, 122, 170); box-sizing: border-box !important;'>如何整合资源共寻“解药”？</span></strong></span></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>世卫组织总干事谭德塞日前表示，<strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>目前全球共有20多种新冠肺炎疫苗正在研发阶段，一些治疗方法正进行临床试验，预计几周内将获首批结果。</strong></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>媒体报道称，包括英国葛兰素史克、美国强生公司等企业，以及牛津大学、剑桥大学等高校参与研发，其中进展较快的部分企业已完成早期研究，进入到动物实验阶段。</section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>对于这场国际战“疫”总动员，中国疾病预防控制中心流行病学首席科学家曾光告诉中新社记者，现在好比是“万箭齐发”状态。面对一道新课题，世界上很多国家和机构都愿意主动“参战”。其实回顾这些年人类对抗一种新型病毒时，疫苗研发有成功的，亦有失败的，但对于人类的共同命运，大家需要这样做。</section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>在不少中外医学专家们眼中，改变游戏规则的最佳方式，或许是识别病毒并找到疫苗和药物来解决它。</section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>“哪怕只有万分之一可能，也要付出100%努力去尝试。</strong><strong style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>”</strong>清华大学医学院钱天翼博士说，虽然疫苗可能没有解决当时想解决的疾病，但是不断积累的认知，对后续研发有帮助。没有疫苗，人类永远只能被动防御。</section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>然而亦有学者注意到，现在世界上各种分散的力量去寻找一剂共同“解药”，消耗了太多资源。加强国际合作，在此刻显得尤为重要。</section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><br style='max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important;'></section><section style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'>“所以我们应该选择一些，并对它们进行大量投资，我想这会是将要发生的事情。”利普金说。</section><p><br></p><p><br></p><hr style='max-width: 100%; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; border-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); transform-origin: 0px 0px 0px; transform: scale(1, 0.5); box-sizing: border-box !important;'><p style='max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.544px; box-sizing: border-box !important;'><span style='max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important;'>来</span><span style='max-width: 100%; font-size: 15px; color: rgb(136, 136, 136); box-sizing: border-box !important;'>源：中国新闻社</span></p></div>
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